I'm not sure whether this helps for debugging: The following workaround added in the custiom.css gave good results.

@media only screen and (max-width: 1024px) {
table.ls-answers, table.ls-answers thead, table.ls-answers tbody, table.ls-answers th, table.ls-answers td, table.ls-answers tr {
display: block;
}
table.ls-answers, table.ls-answers thead, table.ls-answers tbody, table.ls-answers th, table.ls-answers td, table.ls-answers tr {
text-align: left;
}
table.ls-answers thead {
display: none;
}
/ We don't need it for accessibility : we already have the label /
table.ls-answers tbody td {
text-align: left;
}
table.ls-answers .information-item:empty {
display: none;
}
.ls-answers td.checkbox-item {
padding: 4px;
}
.ls-answers td.checkbox-item {
padding-left: 24px;
padding-right: 4px;
}
table.ls-answers tbody .control-label {
text-align: left;
}
table.ls-answers .answertextright {
text-align: right;
}
/ Show the label /
table.ls-answers .ls-label-xs-visibility {
display: block;
position: relative;
width: auto;
height: auto;
overflow: initial;
white-space: normal;
}
table.ls-answers .ls-label-xs-visibility {
left: auto;
}
table.ls-answers .checkbox-item .ls-label-xs-visibility {
line-height: initial;
text-indent: initial;
}
table.ls-answers .checkbox-item .ls-label-xs-visibility {
margin-left: 0;
}
table.ls-answers .ls-label-xs-visibility > {
position: relative;
top: auto;
width: auto;
height: auto;
overflow: auto;
}
table.ls-answers .ls-label-xs-visibility > {
left: auto;
}
table.ls-answers .checkbox-item label.ls-label-xs-visibility::before {
margin-left: -20px;
}
table.ls-answers .checkbox-item label.ls-label-xs-visibility::after {
margin-left: -20px;
}
table.ls-answers > tbody > tr:hover {
background-color: transparent;
}
/ bs fix /
table.ls-answers td.visible-xs, table.ls-answers th.visible-xs {
display: block !important;
}
/ Don't display repeating header on mobile devices'/
table.ls-answers tr.ls-heading-repeat {
display: none;
}
.d-md-none {
display: block !important;
}
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 760px), (min-device-width: 768px) and (max-device-width: 1024px) {

.d-md-none {
display: block !important;
}
}

I can not really reproduce here (max-device-width dependant ?)
But maybe difference of media with d-none

The @media part
@media only screen and (max-width: 760px), (min-device-width: 768px) and (max-device-width: 1024px) {
https://github.com/LimeSurvey/LimeSurvey/blob/9e7438bf2192126e3b161bf6a25033d9c05ce25b/themes/survey/fruity_twentythree/css/variations/theme_apple.css#L11977C1-L11977C102

Thanks for trying it out and for the tip concerning the workaround. I had already feared that the constellation was very specific and could not be easily reproduced.

Fix committed to master branch: http://bugs.limesurvey.org/plugin.php?page=Source/view&id=41097